Bleeding disorders are conditions where the blood does not clot properly, leading to prolonged or excessive bleeding. Normally, platelets and clotting factors work together to form a clot and stop bleeding after an injury. In bleeding disorders, this process is impaired, which may result in frequent nosebleeds, easy bruising, prolonged bleeding after surgery, or even life-threatening internal bleeding. These disorders can be inherited (genetic) or acquired later in life due to diseases, medications, or nutritional deficiencies.

Causes

• Genetic: Hemophilia A & B, Von Willebrand Disease.
• Acquired: Liver disease, vitamin K deficiency, medications (anticoagulants), autoimmune conditions.

Symptoms

• Frequent nosebleeds and gum bleeding.
• Easy or unexplained bruising.
• Prolonged bleeding from cuts or after surgery.
• Heavy menstrual bleeding in women.
• Blood in urine or stool, joint swelling in severe cases.

Diagnosis

• Blood tests (CBC, PT, aPTT, INR).
• Platelet function tests.
• Clotting factor assays.
• Genetic testing for inherited conditions.

Treatment

• Replacement therapy (infusion of missing clotting factors in hemophilia).
• Medications like Desmopressin (DDAVP) and antifibrinolytics.
• Blood/platelet transfusions in severe bleeding.
• Treating underlying causes such as liver disease or adjusting medications.
• Preventive care to avoid injuries and complications.