Thrombocytopenia is a condition in which the body has an abnormally low number of platelets (thrombocytes) in the blood. Platelets are essential for normal blood clotting, and a reduced count increases the risk of excessive bleeding and bruising.

Causes

• Decreased Platelet Production: Bone marrow disorders, leukemia, aplastic anemia, viral infections, chemotherapy, alcohol abuse.
• Increased Platelet Destruction: Immune thrombocytopenic purpura (ITP), autoimmune diseases, medications, infections.
• Sequestration: Enlargement of the spleen trapping platelets.
• Inherited Disorders: Rare genetic conditions affecting platelet function or production.

Symptoms

• Easy or excessive bruising (purpura)
• Prolonged bleeding from cuts
• Frequent nosebleeds or bleeding gums
• Pinpoint red spots on skin (petechiae)
• Heavy menstrual flow
• In severe cases: internal bleeding (seen as blood in urine or stool)

Diagnosis

• Complete Blood Count (CBC): To measure platelet levels.
• Bone Marrow Examination: To assess production.
• Other Blood Tests: To identify underlying immune or infectious causes.