Myeloma, also known as Multiple Myeloma, is a type of blood cancer that develops in plasma cells—a kind of white blood cell found in the bone marrow. Plasma cells normally produce antibodies to help fight infections, but in myeloma, they become abnormal, multiply uncontrollably, and produce defective antibodies (called M-protein or paraprotein). These abnormal cells crowd out healthy blood cells and damage bones, kidneys, and the immune system.

Key Features of Myeloma

• Excess production of abnormal plasma cells.
• Reduced red blood cells, white blood cells, and platelets.
• Bone damage leading to fractures and pain.
• Production of abnormal proteins that may harm kidneys.

Common Symptoms

• Calcium: High calcium levels causing nausea, confusion, constipation.
• Renal: Kidney problems or failure.
• Anemia: Fatigue, weakness, pallor.
• Bone lesions: Bone pain, fractures, osteoporosis.

Diagnosis

• Blood tests (protein electrophoresis, serum free light chain test).
• Urine tests (Bence Jones protein).
• Bone marrow biopsy.
• Imaging (X-ray, MRI, PET-CT) to detect bone damage.